8eva – an octave higher

A tempo – resume the normal speed after a diversion

Accelerando (accel.) – gradually becoming faster

Adagio – slowly, leisurely

Ad libitum – at pleasure, quite freely

Agitato – with agitation

Allargando – broadening out, often with an increase of tone

Allegretto – moderately fast; slightly slower than allegro

Allegro – lively and reasonably fast

Andante – at an easy walking pace

Andantino – a little slower (or a little faster than Andante)

Animato – with animation

Arco – (for string players) with the bow

Attacca – go on at once

Ben marcato – well marked

Brilliante – sparkling, brilliant

Brio – vigour

Calando – getting softer and slower

Cantabile – in a singing style

Capo – the beginning

Con anima – with feeling

Con brio – with spirit

Con forza – with forza

Con grazia – with grace

Con moto – with movement

Con sordini – with the mutes

Crescendo (cresc.) – gradually becoming louder

Da Capo (D.C) – from the beginning

Dal capo al fine or D.C. al fine written under the last bar of apiece of section – the music is to be repeated right from the beginning until it reaches the word ‘fine (the end).

Dal Segno – from the sign ; the music is to be repeated from where the sign occurs earlier in the piece, then carrying on to the end.

Decrescendo (decresc.) – gradually becoming softer

Diminuendo (dim.) – gradually becoming softer

Dolce – soft and sweet

Forte (f) – loud

Forte-piano (fp) – loud then immediately soft

Fortissimo (ff) – very loud

Forzando (fz or sfz) – with a strong accent

Giocoso – gay, merry

Grave – very slowly

Grazioso – gracefully

Largo – slowly and stately, broad

Larghetto – slower than Largo

Legato – smoothly

Leggiero – lightly

Lento – slowly

Loco – at the normal pitch (generally after playing an octave higher)

Maestoso – majestically

Main droite (M.D.) – right hand

Main gauche (M.G) – left hand

Marcato – marked, accented

Meno mosso – slower, less movement

Mezzo forte (mf) – moderately loud

Mezzo piano (mp) – moderately soft

Mezzo staccato – moderately short and detached; shown by dots covered with a slur

Misterioso – mysteriously

Moderato –at a moderate speed

Molto – very, much

Morendo – dying away

M.M – Maelzel’s metronome

Opus – a work or group of works

Ossia – or (an alternative version)

Ped. – depress the sustaining pedal of the pianoforte

Perdendosi – dying away

Pesante – heavily

Piacevole – pleasing

Piano (p) – soft

Pianissimo (pp) – very soft

Piu mosso – quicker

Pizzicato (pizz.) – plucked (in string music)

Poco – a little

Poco a poco – little by little (gradually)

Presto – very fast

Prestissimo – extremely fast, or as fast as possible

Rallentando (rall.) – gradually becoming slower

Risoluto – with resolution, boldly

Ritardando (retard.) – gradually becoming slower

Ritenuto (riten. or rit.) – immediately slower or hold back

Ritmico – rhythmically

Scherzando – playfully

Sempre – always

Senza – without

Sforzando (sf) – a strong (sudden) accent

Simile – in a similar manner

Sostenuto – sustained

Staccato – detached, short; note sustained for half the written length (shown by a dot above or below each note)

Stringendo – gradually faster

Subito – suddenly

Tempo – the speed of the music

Tenuto (ten.) – hold

Tranquillo –quietly, calmly

Tre corde – release the left, soft pedal of the pianoforte (with three strings)

Troppo – too much

Une corda – depress the left, soft pedal of the pianoforte (with one string)

Vivace – lively

Vivo – lively

Signs:

– accent; give prominence, play with force

[Respectively, strong accent marcato, normal accent, and tenuto]

– the music or passage between the dots is to be played again

(fermata) – musical symbol placed over a note or rest to be extended beyond its normal duration

– tie or bind, indicating that the note being played or sung sustained, unbroken, through the total time value of the notes

– slur; a group of notes are played under a single bow stroke (string), or without retonguing (wind), or in one breath (singing), so that the notes move smoothly with no perceptible break

– metronome mark, indicating the speed at which a piece is to be played; 60 crotchets to the minute

– up-bow (bowed instrument – bow is pushed across the string); up-stroke (guitar – the string is plucked with the hand moving upwards)

– down-bow (bowed instrument – bow is pulled across the string); down-stroke (guitar – the string is plucked with the hand moving downwards)

- a less strong accent placed above or below the note meaning that it is to be stressed but not as strongly as when marked as > or